A test method that has been used for decades, which is now described in EN 1426. This test method is suitable for all types of bitumen. However, some methods differ in detail, for example, the IP and ASTM softening point method, and in these cases, a correction factor must be applied to relate test results obtained using these two test methods. Medium and slow setting grades may be diluted, but always add water slowly to the asphalt emulsion. Standard test procedures on bitumen were also covered in this chapter. ASTM D6997 (Standard Test Method for Distillation of Emulsified Asphalt) ASTM D6997 – 12 (Standard Test Method for Distillation of Emulsified Asphalt) AASHTO T59 (Standard Method of Test for Emulsified Asphalts) EN 1431 (Methods of test for petroleum and its products. The water evaporation can cause breaking, which in addition to the chemical nature of the materials at the breaking rate, the factors affecting the evaporation of bitumen emulsions such as their physical form (with increasing mineral fillers), ambient temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed at decisive breaking rates. Testing using the DSR is described in the test method standard EN 14770. The water-resistance of the cured bitumen film is an important aspect of emulsions and can be tested by simple immersion tests on standard aggregates. When bitumen particles are bonded in emulsion and coagulated to larger particles, this process often occurs. Figure 0.1 shows a schematic Penetration Test setup. Bituminous asphalt emulsion CRS-1h is a rapid setting cationic asphalt, which has positive charge leading reaction between the emulsion and pavement. Various fundamental test methods are used for the technical classification and assessment of the different bitumen types which, in the first instance, determine the consistency of the bitumen in different temperature ranges. Although they are arbitrary empirical tests, it is possible to estimate from them important engineering properties, such as high-temperature viscosity and low-temperature stiffness. Emulsions need to be classified into cationic or anionic rapid, medium or slow-setting grades. Variables in emulsion production include the base bitumen and the type and amount of emulsifying agent. Also, the reactivity of the emulsion can be measured in tests in which standard aggregates are mixed with or dipped into the emulsion and the amount of bitumen deposited on the surface is determined. Thus tolerance is given to allow for differences between operators and equipment at different locations. lipid emulsions, and double and multiple emulsions; and paints, for example, emulsions of alkyd resins and latex emulsions. Ductility is the property of bitumen that permits it to undergo great deformation or elongation. Typically, DSR testing is conducted over a range of test temperatures and/or loading frequencies, called temperature and frequency sweep respectively. The procedure is intended to simulate the ageing that takes place during the mixing and transportation process for hot mixtures. seize or shear the asphalt emulsion. As an almost infinite variety of bitumens can be manufactured, it is necessary to have tests which can characterize different grades. The specimen in the mould is cooled to a temperature of 5 C and screwed in to float. 4.1 This test method can be used for quantitative determination of residue and oil distillates in emulsified asphalts for specification acceptance, service evaluation, control, and research. Initially, these tests aimed at measuring an arbitrary mechanical property which made it possible to discriminate between various bitumens. Participation in the AMRL PG Binder, Viscosity and Emulsified Asphalt Proficiency Testing Programs ensures that the USA asphalt lab delivers prompt, quality testing. Actions which tend to equalize the densities of the two phases, such as adding solvent, adding salts, or raising the storage temperature, may reduce settlement, and should be mentioned as do actions which increase the viscosity such as adding thickening agents. The results have been related to curing rates under field conditions. The standardized procedure for this test can be found in ASTM D5 [ ASTM, 2001]. The distance up to the point of the breaking of thread is the ductility value which is reported in cm. There are two basic classifications of emulsions globally usually used, anionic bitumen emulsions and cationic bitumen emulsions. Temperature is noted when the softened bitumen touches the metal plate which is at a specified distance below. The following tests are usually conducted to evaluate different properties of bituminous materials. Fire point test The maximum shear strength of the soil was observed at 6% Bitumen Emulsion from the laboratory tests performed on the soil i.e. Requirements of bitumen as a binding material and its different forms were discussed. Emulsion Ductility is defined as the distance in cm, to which a standard sample or briquette of the material will be elongated without breaking. Many factors affect the viscosity of bitumen emulsion, such as the nature of bitumen, temperature, and particle size of bitumen dispersed in the emulsion. Bitumen Description Norm BELAC AASHTO Laboroute Penetration (25°C-100g-5s) EN 1426 B L AASHTO T 49 A ASTM D5 B A IRAM 6576 Penetration (15°C-100g-5s) EN 1426 B L Penetration 5 temperatures (IP-5T) FD T 66-064-2015 Softening point (R&B) AASHTO T 53 B A ASTM D36 B A EN 1427 B L IRAM 6841 Penetration index […] The bitumen is softened to a pouring consistency, stirred thoroughly and poured into containers at a depth at least 15 mm in excess of the expected penetration. Settlement (storage stability) tests generally involve storing the emulsion in a cylinder, then comparing the solids content of the upper and lower layers after 1–5 days. The extent of coalescence or the amount of filler required to give full coalescence is a measure of the reactivity. The rate of settlement depends on the difference in densities, the size of particles, the binder content and the viscosity of the water phase. The other tests include fillers such fine quartz sand or cement are added to the emulsion in the so-called filler index or the cement mix test. The allowable maximum water content should not be more than 0.2% by weight. A sample is stretched at a fixed temperature and speed and the necessary tensile force is measured and recorded continuously. From the recorded data complex shear modulus G* and its phase angle (δ) at given temperatures/frequencies are calculated. The flexibility of bitumen is evident by the various ways it is created and its myriad uses. Solubility test Based upon the time taken by the water to evaporate, bitumen emulsion is further classified into 3 types based on setting time: Penetration test of cutback bitumens Examples of such methods of characterization and their appropriate consistency are: There are no universally accepted specifications for bitumen, cutback bitumen, or bitumen emulsions. The coagulated particles are often dispersed by repeated stirring. However, the standard conditioning parameters are not necessarily applicable to modified binders, for which the viscosity may be too high to provide a moving film. Bitumen has been used as a sealant and waterproofing agent for over 8,000 years. The creep stiffness of the sample is calculated from the applied stress and resultant strain over time. If the bitumen particles settle in the emulsion, it does not mean that the bitumen emulsion is unstable and often returns a slow stirring of the emulsion to its original quality. Bitumen emulsions generally show settlement, although those with high solvent content may cream. Loss on heating test Precision data for results obtained by a single operator (repeatability) and by different operators in different laboratories (reproducibility) are specified. There are a number of tests to assess the properties of bituminous materials. Dry cleaning formulations – this may contain water droplets emulsified in the dry cleaning oil which is necessary to remove soils and clays.