This is called serotiny. Sometimes the pine and cypress are paired. Commercial pines are grown in plantations for timber that is denser and therefore more durable than spruce (Picea). Pine cones, the largest and most durable of all conifer cones, are craft favorites. [25] This originally Native American skill is now being replicated across the world. For outside use, pine needs to be treated with copper azole, chromated copper arsenate or other suitable chemical preservative. The report will display the kingdom and all descendants leading down to the name you choose. The male cones are small, typically 1–5 cm long, and only present for a short period (usually in spring, though autumn in a few pines), falling as soon as they have shed their pollen. Bark: Old tree growing in the Congaree National Monument near Columbia, South Carolina, USA. Pine may also refer to the lumber derived from pine trees; pine is one of the more extensively used types of wood used as lumber. Pinus taeda : Publication(s): Author(s)/Editor(s): Publication Date: Article/Chapter Title: Journal/Book Name, Vol. At other times the pine, plum, and bamboo are considered as the "Three Friends of Winter". Pines are gymnosperms. Leaves … One species (Sumatran pine) crosses the equator in Sumatra to 2°S. At maturity, the cones usually open to release the seeds. Conifers evolved about 300 million years ago, and pines perhaps 200 million years ago. Pine trees are evergreen, coniferous resinous trees (or, rarely, shrubs) growing 3–80 m (10–260 ft) tall, with the majority of species reaching 15–45 m (50–150 ft) tall. In North America, various species occur in regions at latitudes from as far north as 66°N to as far south as 12°N. : Page(s): Publisher: ... Kingdom Go to Advanced Search and Report . Taxonomic Serial No. 1: An Introduction to Growing Radiata Pine", "Impact on profitability, risk, optimum rotation age and afforestation of changing the New Zealand emissions trading scheme to an averaging approach", "Antioxidant activity and analysis of proanthocyanidins from pine (Pinus densiflora) needles". The modern English name "pine" derives from Latin pinus, which some have traced to the Indo-European base *pīt- ‘resin’ (source of English pituitary). The longest-lived is the Great Basin bristlecone pine, Pinus longaeva. [17] Recent research using large genetic datasets has clarified these relationships into the groupings we recognize today. subgenus Pinus, section Trifoliae (Duhamel), subsection Australes (Loudon). Pines are prone to inter-specific breeding. Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. – Japanese black pine P: Species Pinus torreyana Parry ex Carrière – Torrey pine P: Subspecies Pinus torreyana Parry ex Carrière ssp. [6] An older tree, now cut down, was dated at 4,900 years old. [20] Pine pollen is also involved in moving plant matter between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.[20]. [3] Before the 19th century, pines were often referred to as firs (from Old Norse fura, by way of Middle English firre). [citation needed], Pines may be found in a very large variety of environments, ranging from semi-arid desert to rainforests, from sea level up to 5,200 metres (17,100 ft), from the coldest to the hottest environments on Earth. [24] Pine needles are also used for making decorative articles such as baskets, trays, pots, etc., and during the U.S. Civil War, the needles of the longleaf pine "Georgia pine" were widely employed in this. They often occur in mountainous areas with favorable soils and at least some water.[18]. [30][31]. In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), pine resin is used for burns, wounds and dermal complaints.[35]. Pines are often featured in art, whether painting and fine art,[42] drawing,[43] photography, or folk art. The bark of most pines is thick and scaly, but some species have thin, flaky bark. Several species are adapted to extreme conditions imposed by elevation and latitude (e.g. [15] As the pines have diversified, gene transfer between different species has created a complex history of genetic relatedness. Forchem tall oil refinery in Rauma, Finland. A number of such introduced species have become naturalized, and some species are considered invasive in some areas[19] and threaten native ecosystems. One individual of this species, dubbed "Methuselah", is one of the world's oldest living organisms at around 4,600 years old. [45] Many Chinese art works and/or literature (some involving pines) have been done using paper, brush, and Chinese ink: interestingly enough, one of the main ingredients for Chinese ink has been pine soot. Pines are mostly monoecious, having the male and female cones on the same tree, though a few species are sub-dioecious, with individuals predominantly, but not wholly, single-sex. [7][8] It was discovered in a grove beneath Wheeler Peak and it is now known as "Prometheus" after the Greek immortal.[8]. Pine trees, as well as other conifers, are mentioned in The Bible. Among them, John Muir,[36] Dora Sigerson Shorter,[37] Eugene Field,[38] the Chinese,[39] Theodore Winthrop,[40] and Rev. A growing female cone of a Scots pine on a mountain in Perry County, Pennsylvania. loblolly pine. [20] Nutrients from pollen aid detritivores in development, growth, and maturation, and may enable fungi to decompose nutritionally scarce litter. Some of the main symbolic attributes of pines in Chinese art and literature are longevity and steadfastness: the pine retains its green needles through all the seasons. "Tallest of the tall".
The Plant List compiled by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden accepts 126 species names of pines as current, together with 35 unresolved species and many more synonyms. The genus is divided into two subgenera based on the number of fibrovascular bundles in the needle. The soft, moist, white inner bark (cambium) beneath the woody outer bark is edible and very high in vitamins A and C.[citation needed][32] It can be eaten raw in slices as a snack or dried and ground up into a powder for use as an ersatz flour or thickener in stews, soups, and other foods, such as bark bread. A tea made by steeping young, green pine needles in boiling water (known as tallstrunt in Sweden) is high in vitamins A and C.[citation needed] In eastern Asia, pine and other conifers are accepted among consumers as a beverage product, and used in teas, as well as wine.[33]. [citation needed], The seeds are commonly eaten by birds, such as grouse, crossbills, jays, nuthatches, siskins, and woodpeckers, and by squirrels. Wind pollination, long life spans, overlapping generations, large population size, and weak reproductive isolation make breeding across species more likely. U.S. Weed Information; Pinus taeda .