However, the future is very uncertain. The manager has no control over external factors. An emphasis on rights in decision making means respecting and protecting the basic rights of individuals, such as the right to privacy, to free speech, and to due process. It helps in improving the strength of the organisation. That is, everybody’s responsibility is nobody’s responsibility. First, visible problems are more likely to catch a decision maker’s attention. There is growing recognition that rational analysis has been over emphasized and that, in certain instances, relying on intuition can improve decision making. Representative heuristics tend to assess the likelihood of an occurrence by trying to match it with a preexisting category. A decision is the conclusion of a process by which one decision is chosen among available alternative courses of action for the purpose of attaining a goal(s). Inexperienced researchers and wrong sampling also result in a limited analysis. Escalation of commitment refers to staying with a decision even when there is clear evidence that it is wrong. The quality of this decision is inferior. There are different people taking part in decision making. Other managers are extremely aggressive in making decisions and are willing to take risks. IDENTIFYING THE PROBLEM 1)The first stage in decision making process involves diagnosing the problem . They easily accept the decisions taken and are committed to their roles. For this reason, the biggest limitation of decision making when a consensus is sought is that it takes time to build a true consensus. Decision making in the organisation is done by a group of peoples working in the organisation. According to Stoner, Freeman & Gilbert, “Decision making is the process of identifying to deal with a specific problem or take advantage of an opportunity.”. For novice decision makers with little experience, decision makers faced with simple problems that have few alternative courses of action, or when the cost of searching out and evaluating alternatives is low, the rational model provides a fairly accurate description of the decision process. He also has to take advice from many people before making a decision. The term is thought to have been coined by Herbert A. Simon. This results in a compromised decision. This is because it involves many meetings and each member has to give his opinion. In actuality, effective managers are those who are able to differentiate between situations in which persistence will pay off and situations in which it will not. when the time is limited and there is pressure to come up with the right decision. Second, remember we are concerned with decision making in organizations. Also, none of them is individually criticized for any failure but the whole group is responsible to handle. If a decision maker faces a conflict between selecting a problem that is important to the organization and one that is important to the decision maker, self-interest tend to win out. This is another disadvantage of the decision-making process in an organisation. The first and foremost disadvantage of decision making is that it is too expensive to process. 2) Diagnosing/Identifying the problem implies: a) Knowing the gap between the current state and the expected state. Individual ethics are personal beliefs about right or wrong behavior. It develops a sense of loyalty and belongingness among people towards the business. For novice decision makers with little experience, decision makers faced with simple problems that have few alternative courses of action, or when the cost of searching out and evaluating alternatives is low, the rational model provides a fairly accurate description of the decision process. when there is a little precedent to draw on; when variables are less significantly predictable; when there are several possible alternative situations from which to choose, with good arguments for each; and. This generates enough information which can be used for better understanding of the situation. So, the responsibility is diluted. Experts no longer automatically assume that using intuition to make decisions is irrational or ineffective. They are free to present their creative ideas without any boundations. Advantages and Disadvantages of Decision Making, Improves the degree of acceptance and commitment, Meaning, Scope, Objectives of Organisational Behaviour, Importance of Decision Making in Management, Objectives and Characteristics of Decision Making. It enables in quality decision making which helps in easy attainment of objectives. Read More: Relation between Planning and Decision-Making. Decisions are of no use if they are not taken timely. If any decision is taken wrong then it would be having negative consequences on the organisation. It is usually in a decision maker’s best interest to attack high-profile problems. Few peoples may try to control the whole affairs and may dominate over whole discussions in meetings. All the alternatives are properly analysed in light of handling situation. This increases the participation level of different people in the organisation. Before making a decision the manager must analyse all the alternatives. Managers must recognize when to use coalitions, how to assess whether coalitions are acting in the best interests of the organization, arid how to constrain their dysfunctional effects. Some scientists have contended that intuition is associated with innovation in scientific discovery. b) Identifying the reasons for the gap. Consensus decision-making strategies involve the entire group, allowing everyone a chance to be heard. A coalition is an informal alliance of individuals or groups to achieve a common goal. In making ethical decisions, it is necessary to perceive and eliminate unethical options and select the best ethical alternative. Finding alternatives are not the problem normally. Decisions are made for the future. Sometimes decisions are biased.