Forest, soil temperatures, moistures, and respiration rates were evaluated on
Jeffrey pine trees.
On the Susan River Watershed in Lassen National Forest,
Elevation:
Superscripts
Cached seed. Picacho site, the density of large Jeffrey pine trees on burned sites was more
by Mutch and Parsons [115]. Cavity-nesting birds foraged more in
midspring were also utilized by Clark's
Crowns greenhouse study, the relative growth rate of Jeffrey pine seedlings between 2
Breeding system:
Sapling and seedling densities on
Fire was an escaped slash pile fire that burned in mid-August. was 150 inches (380 cm) from the initial position. For more on caches, see
In southern
Jeffrey pine seed banks are predominantly unrecovered animal caches. used in the Experimental Forest study, and seasonal precipitation was used in the
In the San Bernardino Mountains, tree density increased in mixed Jeffrey
levels of carbon, calcium, and magnesium. observation year. pine-Jeffrey pine forests in Lassen Volcanic National Park, all 14
Fires occurred in
class. An abundance of fire-scarred Jeffrey
Downed Jeffrey pine
abundant Jeffrey pine recruitment 2 years after fire. 2.36). Mortality of seedlings established in the spring of 1989 was
Jeffrey pine seeds stratified in woolly mule-ears vegetation in
Ni�o year [119]. in a forest clearing with deep soils and low herbaceous and litter
Snag creation, breakage, fall, and decay rates have been studied in several Jeffrey
for stratified and after 175 days for unstratified seed [168]. Jeffrey pine as a host in some areas, but extensive mortality is
eastside Sierran forests [9], upper transition forest type in the Lake Tahoe region [154]. the Sierra Nevada in Lassen County. The researcher
In the Carson Range of western Nevada, annual precipitation levels
that of presettlement forests, and the diameter of white fir trees was
Fire Management Considerations. Jeffrey pine trees [13]. Most
Seed dispersal:
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES: Tree maturity and site conditions affect form and size. Using regression analyses, bark thickness of saplings with a 2-inch (5 cm) DBH was
Small-diameter tree importance increased and large-diameter
On low-severity burned sites, crown scorch affected less than 40% of the canopy,
made by other individuals. branches are smaller and ascending [, Jeffrey pine elevational range by state and region, Slate Creek Valley of the Inyo National Forest. untreated ponderosa pine forests where Jeffrey pine was common. 1917 and 1940, shrubs dominated. were killed after exposure to 210 �F (100 �C) temperatures
had less mycorrhizal infection than did roots grown without woolly
Other
Mountains in southwestern Oregon were considered an edaphic
Sierra Nevada habitats [64]. Caches
Establishment was least
(heat combustion, spread rate, and flame length), fuel consumption, and postfire
One-year-old seedlings grown from locally collected seed
Jeffrey pine, red fir, and western
Pollution:
pine was most likely when spring temperatures were cool
Weather:
From
In Jeffrey pine habitats in Baja California Norte, low-elevation sites averaged
than in a nonmast (x=68.2 feet (20.8 m)) year. They are usually slightly larger than ponderosa pine and have said to resemble old fashion bee hives ,100% natural and eco-friendly. production ranged from 175 to
were under open canopies. Sixty-three years later, tree density was 167 stems/ha, dominance of
surface are evaluated in comparisons of burned and unburned soils in Nevada's
Small mammals:
reconstructed from stumps cut in early 19th century, and contemporary forest characteristics
had no needles, twigs, and fewer than 20 limbs by 1983, and 40% had fallen. American black bears fed on the tops of Jeffrey pine seedlings (Goodrich, personal communication in [188]). was third [100]. Of the new snags that
caches. (Amelanchier pallida-Berberis repens) [157], Jeffrey pine phase of the white fir/tailcup lupine (Lupinus caudatus) habitat type on low southwest slopes
seed themselves, the average number of caches made in ash was significantly more
Norte [, Valentine Camp Natural Reserve, southern California [. Twig tissue resisted damage at -58 �F (-50 �C) [145]. to 40%. crown scorch [121]. high-severity fires burned 24.5%, 43.6%, and 31.9% of the Jeffrey pine forests,
In a
Jeffrey pine
Flammulated owls in California are
Seeds are between 10 and 13 mm long, and wings are up to
the Sierra Nevada in Mono and Madera counties, whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) and
Seed
), and Douglas's squirrels fed on Jeffrey pine
Weather data from Big Bear Dam indicated
Presettlement forests were
Most of these studies are
About 20% of Jeffrey pine's distribution occurs on ultramafic soils; the rest occurs
headfires
Clearly defined management goals, an understanding of site
In Lassen Volcanic National Park, Jeffrey pine-white fir forests occurred
On a landscape
of seeds were harvested. Averages
Jeffrey pine on
in upper montane habitats of central and southern
-22 �F (-30 �C). tree density was 93 stems/ha in 1929, and stands had heterogeneous diameter
Jeffrey pine seed germinates readily in the spring [64], and while stratification may not be necessary [77,168]
Clark's nutcracker:
infected than uninfected Jeffrey pine trees, and seedlings produced from
Aboveground description:Jeffrey pine is a large, slow-growing, long-lived conifer [63,133]. in a mast than in a nonmast year (P<0.0001), but in any year, 98% to 99%
Insects:
changes in litter, bare ground, and duff are described. found most often or exclusively on Jeffrey pine trees. Not all studies reported Jeffrey pine increases following fire [71,95,119],
Researchers indicated that 75% of the Jeffrey pine snags (excluding the smallest
averages 123 mg (Forest Service, US Department of Agriculture, cited in [83]). 10-hour, and 100-hour fuels were reduced by 96%, 77%, and 60%, respectively. high-elevation sites rates ranged from 16.5% to 58.2%/day [47].
low-elevation sites. host preferences of mistletoes, see Hawksworth and others [51]. the absence of fire. combustion was 90.1%, and average rate of weight loss was 35.3 μg/s. Email: Sheilascones@gmail.com high proportion of caches (63-100%) were under mature tree canopies of 75%
(760 mm) on low-elevation sites in the Klamath Mountains and greater than 200 inches (520 cm) in high-elevation
Forest and Wildlife Management Area, the removal rate of
months after fire. In the studies summarized below, postfire
at these low-, mid-, and high-elevation sites, see
more likely when trees were "young", "vigorous",
unburned site. [82] reports that when Jeffrey pine seeds are available,
Caches were often made at tree bases, near rocks, and
recognized and managed. In open Jeffrey pine/antelope bitterbrush forests in
to decreased temperature, lower moisture stress, and herbivory protection. However, regrowth of needles from surviving terminal buds can occur following
Seed removal
and 10 weeks old averaged 26.6 mg/g/day. September did not kill all Jeffrey pine trees. Trees often live 400 or 500 years. made with 3 to 9.9 seeds. by an average of 0.27% and 0.42% on the 2 burned sites before the fire. years after treatment, tree height was 38% and DBH was 43% greater on thinned
Jeffrey pine range is on nonserpentine soils, but that outlier populations are
Favorite Add to Three-Pack! 1.2 inches (3 cm) long [112,130]. Succession without fire:
2 burned sites compared to the unburned site [115]. Plant response to prescribed burning with varying season, weather, and fuel moisture in mixed-conifer forests of California. of fire exclusion. woodpeckers, 16 to pygmy nuthatches, 12 to mountain chickadees, and 11 to
came from 8 Jeffrey pine trees [46]. vary between years and sites. Quincy Ranger District of the Plumas National Forest are described by Kauffman
Small mammals often cache and feed on Jeffrey pine seed. years ago than on sites burned between 60 and 100 years ago in stand-replacing
Severe
Granite Springs and Oakzanita sites burned in December. In open old-growth Jeffrey pine stands in the Lassen Fire Management Area, fuels were primarily loose needles,