Where identical bits follow in sequence, we are faced with sequential rising edges or sequential falling edges, which we cannot simply bridge at the tops or bottoms to make a full pulse: This observation leads to the realization of why we need reversals in a Manchester waveform. Soon, however, we will find that this is only possible where opposite bit states are adjacent to each other. An example of this is the section explaining non-dispersive analyzers, which are instruments employing the absorption of light by certain species of chemicals in order to detect the presence and measure the quantities of those chemicals. Get detailed, expert explanations on general problem solving strategies that can improve your comprehension and help with homework. © 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Here, ‘thought experiments’’ are useful as we imagine the process variable changing due to some load condition, and then determine how the controller must respond to bring that process variable back to setpoint. This is summed up as follows: 1. To illustrate how this might be done in the context of control system analysis, let us suppose we were asked to determine the effect of flow transmitter FT-24 failing with a low (no-flow) signal in this ratio control system, part of a process for manufacturing ammonium nitrate fertilizer: Before it is possible to analyze the effects of a transmitter failure, we must first determine what the system ought to do in normal operation. ... ( Part 1 and Part 2) and move on to aspects of thinking in problem solving which might be helpful. Many people find it easier to grasp the nature of a problem – and by extension, that problem’s solution – if they can look at an illustration of the problem. Once again, we may annotate the failure on the diagram as well, arbitrarily electing to use blue “up” and “down” arrows and bold text to indicate the directions of change for each signal immediately following the failure of FT-24: As FT-24’s signal fails low, the “wild” flow signal to FFC-23 goes low as well. The procedure, while tedious, is rather simple: manually multiply the top numeral three times over by successive digits of the bottom numeral, noting any “carried” quantities as you do so, then sum those three subtotals together (padded with zeros to represent the place of the bottom numeral’s digit) to arrive at the final product. pp 139-156 | General Problem Solving Strategies-Part 1 What does it take to solve any problem ? Practice is the key to honing this skill. This is also an exercise lending itself well to team-based problem solving, as the entire team can help each other describe the nature of the problem. When used in conjunction with reasoning and decision-making skills, the process works well for … Part of Springer Nature. An important step in solving certain types of problems, especially quantitative problems where calculations are necessary to obtain precise answers, it is often useful to list all the known quantities available to us relevant to the problem. Now we turn to the question of controller action, since we know the direction of each controller’s action (e.g. Unable to display preview. Since we have already determined that input has a non-inverting effect on the ratio controller, we may conclude control valve FV-23 will close as a result, decreasing the flow of nitric acid into the neutralizer. What does each instrument signal represent? This is why people learn to annotate their work when performing manual multiplication, so they don’t have to rely on their limited short-term memories.