[25][26][27], Amaranth grain contains phytochemicals that are not defined as nutrients and may be antinutrient factors, such as polyphenols, saponins, tannins, and oxalates. Assad, R., Reshi, Z. In China, the leaves and stems are used as a stir-fry vegetable, or in soups. (1999). A., Jan, S., & Rashid, I. It is used to prepare curries such as hulee, palya, majjigay-hulee, and so on. [11] In pre-Hispanic times, amaranth was cultivated by the Aztec and their tributary communities in a quantity very similar to maize. [41], Amaranth species are cultivated and consumed as a leaf vegetable in many parts of the world. [12] This complicates taxonomy and Amaranthus has generally been considered among systematists as a "difficult" genus and hybridize often. [15], Amaranthus includes three recognised subgenera and 75 species, although species numbers are questionable due to hybridisation and species concepts. [4], Amaranth has a primary root with deeper spreading secondary fibrous root structures. [14] The support for the addition of the subdivision Albersia because of its circumcise, indehiscent fruits coupled with three elliptic to linear tepals to be exclusive characters to members of this subgenus. In the Caribbean, the leaves are called bhaji in Trinidad and callaloo in Jamaica, and are sautéed with onions, garlic, and tomatoes, or sometimes used in a soup called pepperpot soup. In Greece, green amaranth (A. viridis) is a popular dish called βλήτα, vlita or vleeta. It was recovered in Mexico from wild varieties[citation needed] and is now commercially cultivated. Leaves are approximately 6.5–15 centimetres (2 ⁄2–6 inches) and of oval or elliptical shape that are either opposite or alternate across s… Most of the Amaranthus species are summer annual weeds and are commonly referred to as pigweeds. [12] Bracteole morphology present on the stem is used for taxonomic classification of Amaranth. Amaranthus (L.) spp. Making up about 5% of the total fatty acids of amaranth, squalene[46] is extracted as a vegetable-based alternative to the more expensive shark oil for use in dietary supplements and cosmetics. Seeds of Amaranth grain have been found in archeological records in Northern Argentina that date to the mid-Holocene. In Vietnam, it is called rau dền and is used to make soup. (2006). Scientific name of Tulsi is “ Ocimum Sanctum ”. In Andhra Pradesh, this leaf is added in preparation of a popular dal called thotakura pappu in (Telugu). Four species of Amaranthus are documented as cultivated vegetables in eastern Asia: Amaranthus cruentus, Amaranthus blitum, Amaranthus dubius, and Amaranthus tricolor.[42]. People decorated their homes and trees with paper flags; ritual races, processions, dances, songs, prayers, and finally human sacrifices were held. It is called keerai masial. [24] Amaranth does not contain gluten. [44] It is also known among the Kalenjin as a drought crop (chepkerta). English : Amaranth Tender; Tamil : Mullu Keerai / Thandukeerai; Malayalam : Cheera; Telugu : Thotakoora; Kannada : Dantu Soppu / Dantu; Hindi : Chaulai Sag / Chavleri; Bengali : Notya / Noyte Shaakh; Konkani : Bhajji; Marathi : Math; Tulu : Padpae; Recipes with Amaranth Tender: 1) Amarantha Leaves-Thotakura Fry The tassel of fluorescence is either erect or bent and varies in width and length between species. [10] Inflorescences are in the form a large panicle that varies from terminal to axial, color, and sex. The name was first applied to the related Celosia (Amaranthus and Celosia share long-lasting dried flowers), as Amaranthus plants were not yet known in Europe. Yields are high compared to the seeding rate: 1000 kg or more per hectare. Two species are popular as edible vegetable in Vietnam: dền đỏ (Amaranthus tricolor) and dền cơm or dền trắng (Amaranthus viridis). "Amaranth." In Lingala (spoken in the Congo), it is known as lɛngalɛnga or bítɛkutɛku. [13] A modified infrageneric classification of Amaranthus includes three subgenera: Acnida, Amaranthus, and Albersia, with the taxonomy further differentiated by sections within each of the subgenera. ], Culpepper et al. Robertson and Amaranthus. Another important use of amaranth throughout Mesoamerica was in ritual drinks and foods. In Bantu regions of Uganda and western Kenya, it is known as doodo or litoto. Find the Quinoa Meaning in Bengali, See the defination of this word "Quinoa". Wild species have longer bracteole's compared to cultivated species. Asian Agri-History 21(4): 319-324", "Scientific Evidence for Pre-Columbian Transoceanic Voyages", "Crossing Methods and Cultivation Conditions for Rapid Production of Segregating Populations in Three Grain Amaranth Species", "USDA National Nutrient Database: cooked amaranth grain per 100 grams; Full report", https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eOwOZxHmwCU, "Squalene Market Size to Exceed USD 240 Million by 2022", FDA/CFSAN Food Compliance Program: Domestic Food Safety Program. To this day, amaranth grains are toasted much like popcorn and mixed with honey, molasses, or chocolate to make a treat called alegría, meaning "joy" in Spanish. This probably occurred in the Miocene. They fasted or ate very little; a statue of the god was made out of amaranth seeds and honey, and at the end of the month, it was cut into small pieces so everybody could eat a piece of the god. Flowers vary interspecifically from the presence of 3 or 5 tepals and stamens, whereas a 7-porate pollen grain structure remains consistent across the family. It grows fast and, in three cultivated species, the large seedheads can weigh up to 1 kg and contain a half-million small seeds. [11], Amaranthus shows a wide variety of morphological diversity among and even within certain species. [4], There are approximately 75 species in the genus, 10 of which are dioecious and native to North America with the remaining 65 monoecious species endemic to every continent from tropical lowlands to the Himalayas. Species across the genus contain concentric rings of vascular bundles, and fix carbon efficiently with a C4 photosyntheticpathway. [10] Seeds are circular form from 1 to 1.5 millimeters in diameter and range in color with a shiny, smooth seed coat. Mosyakin and Robertson 1996 later divided into three subgenera: Acnida, Amaranthus, and Albersia. [4] Species across the genus contain concentric rings of vascular bundles, and fix carbon efficiently with a C4 photosynthetic pathway. [10] Archeological evidence of seeds from A. hypochondriacus and A. crutenus found in a cave in Tehuacán, Mexico, suggests amaranth was part of Aztec civilization in the 1400s. [12][15][16], The phylogenies of Amaranthus of maximum parsimony and Bayesian analysis of nuclear and chloroplast genes suggest five clades within the genus: Diecious / Pumilus, Hybris, Galapagos, Eurasian/ South African, Australian (ESA), ESA + South American. 16185, EEC No. (2017). Also a complementing source of other vitamins such as thiamine, niacin and riboflavin, 1) Amarantha Leaves-Thotakura Fry 2) Amarantha Leaves-Thotakura Pulusu 3) Chuvanna Cheera(Red Amaranth) Roast 4) Lal Math Bhaji. Despite utilization studies showing that amaranth can be blended with other flours at levels above 50% without affecting functional properties or taste, most commercial products use amaranth only as a minor portion of their ingredients despite them being marketed as "amaranth" products.